Some boards have an ISP header with the necessary pins broken out. You'll also need some jumper wires to connect the ISP flasher and the target board. The product links are to the official versions, however you can certainly source them elsewhere. One of the following devices is required to perform the ISP flashing. The one current exception is the STM32F103. Most STM32 ARM-based microcontrollers already have a USB-capable bootloader in ROM, so generally do not need to be ISP flashed. There are several different kinds of bootloaders available for AVR microcontrollers. Instead, you will need to ISP flash the microcontroller. It's not possible to do this with the existing bootloader, because, of course, it is already running, and cannot overwrite itself. However, it can sometimes happen that the bootloader becomes corrupted and needs reflashing, or you may want to change the bootloader to another one. This bootloader lives in a specific section of the flash memory, and allows you to load the actual application firmware (in this case, QMK) into the rest of the flash. In order to flash a microcontroller over USB, it needs something called a bootloader.
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